{"id":6520,"date":"2016-06-30T13:07:03","date_gmt":"2016-06-30T13:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/?p=6520"},"modified":"2026-11-01T00:28:11","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T00:28:11","slug":"chogha-zanbil-ziggurat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/","title":{"rendered":"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat: History and Visiting Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Chogha Zanbil<\/strong>, also spelled Tchogha Zanbil, is an Elamite sacred city in <a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/khuzestan-travel-guide\/\">Khuzestan<\/a>, southwest Iran. Its massive brick ziggurat is the centrepiece of a wider site of temples, enclosure walls, palaces and water structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">King <strong>Untash-Napirisha<\/strong> founded the city, known as Dur Untash, during the Middle Elamite period. The ziggurat was dedicated to Inshushinak and Napirisha. UNESCO inscribed the site on the World Heritage List in 1979.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014cd6be&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014cd6be\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1450\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Napirasu.jpg\" alt=\"Napirasu\" class=\"wp-image-68662\" style=\"width:814px;height:auto\" title=\"Napirasu\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Napirasu.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Napirasu-690x1000.jpg 690w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Napirasu-706x1024.jpg 706w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Napirasu-768x1114.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Statue of Queen Napir-Asu, wife of Untash-Napirisha, found at Susa. The Louvre dates it to approximately 1345\u20131305 BCE. This is an object from Susa, not a find from Chogha Zanbil. Louvre Museum.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A visit is about reading the surviving brickwork and the layout of a sacred city. The upper temple has disappeared, but the lower structure retains inscriptions, passages and details that help explain how the complex worked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide covers what the ziggurat was, which parts of the site to look for and how to combine it with <a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/susa\/\">Susa<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/haft-tappeh-archaeological-site\/\">Haft Tappeh<\/a>. The photographs include objects from several Elamite sites; their findspots are distinguished below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#what-is-a-ziggurat\" >What Is a Ziggurat?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#comparing-ur-and-chogha-zanbil\" >Comparing Ur and Chogha Zanbil<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#reading-ziggurat-reconstructions\" >Reading Ziggurat Reconstructions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#chogha-zanbil-and-its-royal-founder\" >Chogha Zanbil and Its Royal Founder<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#why-chogha-zanbil-is-a-world-heritage-site\" >Why Chogha Zanbil Is a World Heritage Site<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#geographical-context\" >Geographical Context<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#surrounding-attractions\" >Surrounding Attractions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#architecture-of-the-ziggurat\" >Architecture of the Ziggurat<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#religious-and-cultural-significance\" >Religious and Cultural Significance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#archaeological-discoveries\" >Archaeological Discoveries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/chogha-zanbil-ziggurat\/#sources\" >Sources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ziggurats-what-we-know\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-is-a-ziggurat\"><\/span>What Is a Ziggurat?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>ziggurat<\/strong> is a stepped temple tower, associated particularly with Mesopotamia and Elam. A high temple stood on its uppermost platform. The form belongs to a tradition of raised religious buildings, but not every ancient platform can securely be identified as a ziggurat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At Chogha Zanbil, the tower formed part of an enclosed sacred precinct. The surrounding temples and royal buildings are essential to understanding its purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The word comes from Akkadian <em>ziqqurratu<\/em>. Different towers had different dedications and designs; there was no universal seven-storey plan shared by all of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sumerian-temples-and-nbsp-ziggurat\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"comparing-ur-and-chogha-zanbil\"><\/span>Comparing Ur and Chogha Zanbil<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-26139 size-featured_large\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Ziggurat-of-Ur-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Ziggurat Of Ur\" class=\"wp-image-26139\" title=\"Ziggurat Of Ur\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Ziggurat-of-Ur-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Ziggurat-of-Ur-780x520.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Ziggurat-of-Ur-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Ziggurat-of-Ur.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Great Ziggurat of Ur in Iraq, Partially reconstructed facade and the access staircase of the ziggurat. The visible remains of the Neo-Babylonian structure are located at the top.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ziggurat at Ur in modern Iraq provides a useful visual comparison. Its monumental exterior stairways differ from Chogha Zanbil\u2019s more enclosed means of access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Interpretations linking temple towers with a sacred mountain or the meeting of heaven and earth concern their symbolism. They do not establish exactly how ceremonies were performed at every site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mud brick supplied the structural mass. Baked brick offered a more durable facing and was also used in paving and drains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A ziggurat should be understood as a raised temple structure within a larger religious complex. It was not an Egyptian-style royal tomb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The surviving rooms and passages at Chogha Zanbil also show why the tower cannot be described simply as a solid pyramid without internal spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ziggurats-stairways-to-heaven\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"reading-ziggurat-reconstructions\"><\/span>Reading Ziggurat Reconstructions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The number of levels varied between ziggurats. Chogha Zanbil is usually reconstructed with four stepped stages and a summit temple forming a fifth level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its receding profile can resemble a pyramid in a photograph. The resemblance does not make the buildings identical in function or prove a connection with pyramids in other regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The computer-generated image below is an interpretation of a complete tower. Compare it with photographs of the surviving lower remains rather than treating it as a record of an intact ancient building.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014ce95a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014ce95a\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"704\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-5-1024x704.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" class=\"wp-image-64720\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-5-1024x704.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-5-780x536.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-5-768x528.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-5-220x150.jpg 220w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-5.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat (Computer generated image)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chogha Zanbil\u2019s upper stages and summit shrine no longer survive. Its present outline therefore represents only part of the original monument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chogha-zanbil-an-ancient-elamite-site\" style=\"text-transform:capitalize\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"chogha-zanbil-and-its-royal-founder\"><\/span>Chogha Zanbil and Its Royal Founder<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The site stands on a plateau above the Dez River, roughly <strong>40 kilometres southeast of Susa<\/strong>. The ancient city wall enclosed about 100 hectares; the ziggurat occupies only a small part of that area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The modern name is commonly translated as \u201cbasket mound,\u201d referring to the shape of the mound before excavation. Dur Untash is the ancient name associated with the royal founder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This ancient city, known in the Elamite language as <strong>&#8216;Al-Untash&#8217;<\/strong> and in <strong>Akkadian <\/strong>as <strong>&#8216;Dur Untash,&#8217;<\/strong> was established under the orders of <strong>Untash-Napirisha<\/strong>, a powerful Elamite king. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Published chronologies differ for Untash-Napirisha. UNESCO uses 1275\u20131240 BCE, while several museum catalogues use approximately 1340\u20131300 BCE. Both place the foundation in the Middle Elamite period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014cf0cb&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014cf0cb\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Choghazanbil-View-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Choghazanbil View\" class=\"wp-image-68599\" title=\"Choghazanbil View\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Choghazanbil-View-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Choghazanbil-View-780x439.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Choghazanbil-View-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Choghazanbil-View-390x220.jpg 390w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Choghazanbil-View.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The site\u2019s plateau overlooks the Dez River valley. Photo by Mehrdad Misaqian; Chogha Zanbil World Heritage site.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Elam<\/strong> linked the southwestern lowlands with highland regions of Iran. Its political centres and boundaries changed over time, so it should not be pictured as one unchanging kingdom with fixed borders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anshan in the highlands and Shush (Susa) in the plains were major Elamite centres. Archaeologists divide the Elamite civilization into three periods: Old Elamite, Middle Elamite, and Neo-Elamite periods. Chogha Zanbil was founded during the Middle Elamite period.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014cf711&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014cf711\" class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"866\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-6.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" class=\"wp-image-64719\" style=\"width:830px;height:auto\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-6.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-6-417x470.jpg 417w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-6-266x300.jpg 266w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat. Photo by Chogha World Heritage site<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The site combines monumental religious buildings with a royal quarter. Its planned layout was never completed in its original form, and later occupation changed how parts of the city were used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Untash-Napirisha<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inshushinak was closely associated with Susa, while Napirisha was an important highland deity. Their presence in the same royal foundation gives the complex significance beyond a single local cult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scholars have interpreted the gathering of several cults here as an attempt to strengthen political and religious links across Elam. That is an interpretation of the foundation, rather than a surviving statement of every inhabitant\u2019s beliefs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-text-color has-background\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:64px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#1e0e7c;line-height:.9\"><strong>BOOK ONLINE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-text-color\" id=\"h-tehran-hotels\" style=\"color:#1e0e7c;font-size:35px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700\">Ahvaz Hotels<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-7d812b4c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/orienttrips.com\/hotel\/city\/ahvaz?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=surfiran\" style=\"border-radius:50px;color:#ffffff;background-color:#f94931\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-white-color\">Book Now<\/mark><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:64px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The city was built with three concentric walls, each with its specialized spaces and constructions. Archaeological excavations have revealed that between the outer and middle walls lies the royal district, containing palaces, a grand entrance, and its own temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d03b3&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d03b3\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"398\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Part-of-the-city-inscriptions-1024x398.jpg\" alt=\"Part Of The City Inscriptions\" class=\"wp-image-68613\" title=\"Part Of The City Inscriptions\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Part-of-the-city-inscriptions-1024x398.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Part-of-the-city-inscriptions-780x303.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Part-of-the-city-inscriptions-768x298.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Part-of-the-city-inscriptions.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Part of the city&#8217;s inscriptions. Photo by Chogha Zanbil World Heritage site<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Between the middle and inner walls is the temenos or sacred precinct with temples for various gods. The inner wall houses the ziggurat, the city&#8217;s tallest and most prominent building.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Around the tower, look for changes in paving, gateways and drainage channels. These smaller features explain circulation and rainwater management more clearly than the overall silhouette alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d0bbd&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d0bbd\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscribed-brick-rows-on-the-ziggurat-of-Tchogha-Zanbil-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Inscribed Brick Rows On The Ziggurat Of Tchogha Zanbil\" class=\"wp-image-68637\" title=\"Inscribed Brick Rows On The Ziggurat Of Tchogha Zanbil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscribed-brick-rows-on-the-ziggurat-of-Tchogha-Zanbil-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscribed-brick-rows-on-the-ziggurat-of-Tchogha-Zanbil-780x439.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscribed-brick-rows-on-the-ziggurat-of-Tchogha-Zanbil-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscribed-brick-rows-on-the-ziggurat-of-Tchogha-Zanbil-390x220.jpg 390w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscribed-brick-rows-on-the-ziggurat-of-Tchogha-Zanbil.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Inscribed brick rows on the ziggurat of Chogha Zanbil. Photo by Chogha World Heritage site<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rows of inscribed baked bricks interrupt the tower\u2019s facing. The texts identify the royal builder and divine recipients. Their repetition made the dedication part of the building itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#f7f7f7\"><strong>The tower\u2019s brick dedications name Untash-Napirisha and Inshushinak, the \u201clord of Susa.\u201d The inscriptions identify the building as a royal religious foundation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elizabeth Carter\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/coga-zanbil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaeological account<\/a> discusses these brick texts and the dedications of the summit shrine. They should be read as royal statements, rather than neutral descriptions of daily life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-unesco-world-heritage-site-recognition\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"why-chogha-zanbil-is-a-world-heritage-site\"><\/span>Why Chogha Zanbil Is a World Heritage Site<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNESCO inscribed <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/113\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tchogha Zanbil<\/a> in 1979 under cultural criteria (iii) and (iv). Its record emphasises the survival of Middle Elamite architecture and the ziggurat\u2019s exceptional preservation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The designation covers the archaeological ensemble. Allow time to understand the relationship between the tower, its enclosures and the royal quarter, rather than stopping only for a photograph of the main fa\u00e7ade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-geographical-context\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"geographical-context\"><\/span>Geographical Context<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-webfactory-map\"><div class=\"wp-block-webfactory-map\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use <strong>Shush (Susa)<\/strong>, Dezful or Ahvaz as a base for a road excursion. Chogha Zanbil is outside a city centre, so plan the return journey as well as the outward transfer.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d150c&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d150c\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"886\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Image-from-Elam-cultural-area-1024x886.jpg\" alt=\"Image From Elam Cultural Area\" class=\"wp-image-68590\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Image-from-Elam-cultural-area-1024x886.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Image-from-Elam-cultural-area-780x675.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Image-from-Elam-cultural-area-768x664.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Image-from-Elam-cultural-area.jpg 1184w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Image from Elam cultural area (Wikipedia.org)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Location and Access<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A private car with driver makes it easier to combine the scattered sites. Agree a route, waiting time and return destination before leaving. Ahvaz is a regional transport hub, with a separate road journey needed to reach the archaeological site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Climate and Best Times to Visit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cooler part of the year, broadly autumn through early spring, is more comfortable for walking this exposed site than the hot Khuzestan summer. Bring water and sun protection, and allow for rain or muddy ground in the cooler months. Avoid packing the most exposed part of the walk into the middle of a hot day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d1c48&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d1c48\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"655\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-01.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil\" class=\"wp-image-68640\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-01.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-01-780x511.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-01-768x503.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"surrounding-attractions\"><\/span>Surrounding Attractions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Susa adds the context of a long-lived urban centre and its museum. Haft Tappeh is a separate Elamite archaeological site and museum, not another name for Chogha Zanbil. The Tomb of Daniel is in Shush and can be considered as a separate stop according to your interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Walking the site:<\/strong> start with the overall enclosure plan, then follow the authorised ground-level route around the ziggurat to look for inscriptions and drains. Continue toward the other accessible remains if time and conditions allow. Do not climb the tower or walk on ancient walls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-image-fill has-background\" style=\"background-color:#f94931\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:2em;padding-right:2em;padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:2em\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:25px;line-height:1.2\"><strong>Iran Tourist Card<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons has-custom-font-size has-small-font-size is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-5369166d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-font-size is-style-fill has-small-font-size\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/orienttrips.com\/touristcard?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=surfiranlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Click and explore<\/mark><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OtCart.jpg);background-position:55% 0%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orienttrips.com\/touristcard?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=surfiranlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OtCart.jpg\" alt=\"Orienttrips Iran Tourist Card\" class=\"wp-image-62115 size-full\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OtCart.jpg 900w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OtCart-780x555.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/OtCart-768x546.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key architectural distinction is how the tower was built and approached. Its enclosed stairs and nested structural masses differ from the familiar image of a Mesopotamian tower with a grand external staircase.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d2a1a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d2a1a\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" class=\"wp-image-64722\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-780x520.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Chogha-Zanbil-Ziggurat.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"architecture-of-the-ziggurat\"><\/span>Architecture of the Ziggurat<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNESCO records a square base about <strong>105.2 metres on each side<\/strong>, an estimated original height of about <strong>53 metres<\/strong>, and surviving remains about <strong>24.75 metres high<\/strong>. The surviving tower is less than half its estimated original height.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The core is mud brick, with an outer facing of baked brick. The surviving tower shows both ancient construction and later conservation; its present form should not be mistaken for the complete five-level monument.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Construction was more complex than simply stacking five solid platforms. Michael Herles\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/ziggurat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Encyclopaedia Iranica account<\/a> explains the central core and surrounding structural shells, which rose from the lower building rather than resting only on the terrace immediately below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d3194&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d3194\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"713\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dl.beatsnoop-1024x713.jpg\" alt=\"The Glass Pipes In Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" class=\"wp-image-68641\" title=\"The Glass Pipes In Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dl.beatsnoop-1024x713.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dl.beatsnoop-780x543.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dl.beatsnoop-768x535.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/dl.beatsnoop.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fragments of glass tubes associated with architectural decoration at Chogha Zanbil. Such tubes were used as decorative elements, including on doors; they were not water pipes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Internal stairways reached the lower terrace, with evidence for a route upward on the southwest side. The summit temple has not survived. Its original appearance is reconstructed from architectural traces and inscriptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temples around the tower honoured other Elamite divinities, including Ishnikarab and Kiririsha. They show that the sanctuary contained several cult buildings rather than a single temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The outer enclosure included monumental buildings usually called palaces and a building with underground tombs. Later investigations identified housing as well, adding a residential dimension to the earlier picture of the city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The layout changed through successive periods of use. Distinguish the king\u2019s initial monumental plan from later construction when reading a site plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d3d71&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d3d71\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"949\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Glazed-Chogha-Zanbil.jpg\" alt=\"Glazed Chogha Zanbil\" class=\"wp-image-68644\" title=\"Glazed Chogha Zanbil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Glazed-Chogha-Zanbil.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Glazed-Chogha-Zanbil-780x740.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Glazed-Chogha-Zanbil-768x729.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Glazed door plaque with royal inscription of the Elamite king Untash-Napirisha, 13th century BC, from Chogha Zanbil, Iran. British Museum, London.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vaulted underground chambers survive beneath the tomb building. Burials and cremated remains have been reported, but the precise status of those buried should not be assumed from the modern label \u201croyal tombs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The frequently repeated story of a <strong>45\u201350-kilometre water-supply canal from the Karkheh<\/strong> is disputed. Archaeologist Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.staff.uni-mainz.de\/mofidi\/choghazanbil,english\/projects,english.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">project account<\/a> argues that the terrain would not permit the proposed canal. Surviving drainage and water structures are real evidence, but they do not by themselves prove a long-distance filtration system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The site\u2019s decline was gradual. Elizabeth Carter\u2019s archaeological synthesis places the abandonment of the ziggurat and its dependencies around 1000 BCE, while later excavations found housing of the first millennium BCE elsewhere in the city. UNESCO associates the city\u2019s final destruction with Ashurbanipal around 640 BCE. These accounts concern different parts and phases of the site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Design and Orientation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tower\u2019s corners face the cardinal directions. Look at the relationship between the square tower and its enclosure rather than assuming that each fa\u00e7ade faces a cardinal point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Inscriptions and Dedication<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inscribed bricks occur at regular intervals in the facing. Elizabeth Carter describes every eleventh row as bearing a dedication to Inshushinak. The repeated names make the dedication visible around the monument.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d46bc&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d46bc\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"620\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Blade-of-an-axe-from-Chogha-Zanbil-1024x620.jpg\" alt=\"Blade Of An Axe From Chogha Zanbil\" class=\"wp-image-68663\" title=\"Blade Of An Axe From Chogha Zanbil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Blade-of-an-axe-from-Chogha-Zanbil-1024x620.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Blade-of-an-axe-from-Chogha-Zanbil-780x472.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Blade-of-an-axe-from-Chogha-Zanbil-768x465.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Blade-of-an-axe-from-Chogha-Zanbil.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Louvre catalogues a small <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.louvre.fr\/ark:\/53355\/cl010177890\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">silver axe from Chogha Zanbil<\/a> with a lion-headed socket, a triangular blade and an electrum boar on the back. It bears Untash-Napirisha\u2019s name. It was found in the temple of Kiririsha in 1953.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Terraces and Temples<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The excavator identified an earlier courtyard building within the later tower. Rooms around it were adapted or closed as construction proceeded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That development helps explain why a simple cutaway drawing can be misleading. Parts of an earlier building were incorporated into the stepped monument rather than erased completely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Temple on the Summit<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The usual reconstruction places the <em>kukunnum<\/em>, or high temple, on the summit as the fifth level. Its dedication is known through inscriptions, including references to Inshushinak and Napirisha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Construction Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baked brick, plaster, faience and glass ornament complemented the mud-brick structure. Museum objects can reveal colours and finishes that are difficult to imagine from the weathered remains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Three Enclosures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d5049&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d5049\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"562\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Enchased-bronze-dagger-Chogha-Zanbil-1024x562.jpg\" alt=\"Enchased Bronze Dagger Chogha Zanbil\" class=\"wp-image-68649\" title=\"Enchased Bronze Dagger Chogha Zanbil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Enchased-bronze-dagger-Chogha-Zanbil-1024x562.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Enchased-bronze-dagger-Chogha-Zanbil-780x428.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Enchased-bronze-dagger-Chogha-Zanbil-768x421.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Enchased-bronze-dagger-Chogha-Zanbil.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Bronze dagger, Middle Elamite period. Photo by Sara Fereidouni; Chogha Zanbil World Heritage site. Illustrated here as regional Elamite context.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Three major enclosures divided the city: the outer city wall, the sacred precinct wall and the innermost wall around the ziggurat. Read them as successive boundaries within a planned sacred landscape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tower\u2019s scale, inscriptions and controlled routes of approach belong to the same architectural programme. Looking at them together is more useful than treating the building as a freestanding pyramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-religious-and-cultural-significance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"religious-and-cultural-significance\"><\/span>Religious and Cultural Significance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The gods\u2019 names on bricks and objects provide firmer evidence than broad claims about what every Elamite believed. The sanctuary brought royal patronage and several divine cults into one place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The king\u2019s repeated appearance in building inscriptions presents him as the sponsor of sacred construction. Those inscriptions also sought divine protection for his reign and dynasty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Royal dedications reveal the religious ambitions of the founder more clearly than the everyday relationship between priests and other residents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-56.jpg\" alt=\"Image\" class=\"wp-image-64723\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-56.jpg 850w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-56-780x404.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-56-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/image-56-300x155.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dedication to Deities<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inshushinak, the god associated with Susa, appears prominently in the dedications. Napirisha and other divinities connect the sanctuary with the wider religious landscape of Elam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Center for Pilgrimage and Burial Ground<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Carter describes continued pilgrimage and burial use after the founder\u2019s death, extending to about 1000 BCE. Later housing identified by the Mainz project means this date should not be treated as the abandonment of the entire city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-image-fill has-background\" style=\"background-color:#f94931\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:2em;padding-right:2em;padding-bottom:2em;padding-left:2em\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:36px;line-height:1.2\"><strong>Book Train Tickets<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons has-custom-font-size has-small-font-size is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-5369166d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-font-size is-style-fill has-small-font-size\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/orienttrips.com\/train?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=surfiranlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-black-color\">Click and explore<\/mark><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Book-train-iran.jpg);background-position:50% 50%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/orienttrips.com\/train?utm_source=blog&amp;utm_medium=surfiranlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Book-train-iran.jpg\" alt=\"Book Train Ticket Iran\" class=\"wp-image-65235 size-full\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Book-train-iran.jpg 800w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Book-train-iran-780x446.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Book-train-iran-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Book-train-iran-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Enclosures and Temples<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Temples within the sacred precinct honoured several gods and divine groups. Their arrangement matters: the religious complex extended beyond the tower\u2019s own enclosure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Votive Offerings and Religious Practices<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Votive figurines, inscribed objects and architectural ornaments record gifts made within the sanctuary. Their archaeological context is needed to distinguish offerings from objects used in other ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d5ff9&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d5ff9\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ull_with_elamite_inscription-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Bull with an Elamite inscription from Chogha Zanbil\" class=\"wp-image-68657\" title=\"Ull With Elamite Inscription\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ull_with_elamite_inscription-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ull_with_elamite_inscription-780x520.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ull_with_elamite_inscription-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ull_with_elamite_inscription.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Inscribed bull from Chogha Zanbil, held by the <a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/national-museum-of-iran\/\">National Museum of Iran<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Architectural Reflection of Beliefs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The tower\u2019s height and boundaries created a hierarchy of spaces. Its exact ceremonies remain less fully known than its plan and royal dedications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d669a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d669a\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscription-from-Chogha-Zanbil-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Inscription From Chogha Zanbil\" class=\"wp-image-68645\" title=\"Inscription From Chogha Zanbil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscription-from-Chogha-Zanbil-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscription-from-Chogha-Zanbil-780x585.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscription-from-Chogha-Zanbil-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/inscription-from-Chogha-Zanbil.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Inscribed clay fragment associated with Chogha Zanbil. The surviving text names Untash-Napirisha, son of Humban-numena, king of Anshan and Susa. The fragment does not preserve a complete inscription.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Integration of Political and Religious Power<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The city was a royal religious foundation intended to bring several cults together. Calling it the sole capital of all Elam would overstate its role in relation to Susa and other centres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For visitors, the strongest connection between religion and politics is visible in the repeated royal name attached to sacred buildings and offerings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-archaeological-discoveries\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"archaeological-discoveries\"><\/span>Archaeological Discoveries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;galleryId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d68f8&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/gallery\" class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d700d&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d700d\" class=\"wp-block-image size-medium wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-id=\"68627\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-before-612x470.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil Before\" class=\"wp-image-68627\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Before\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Excavations in Chogha Zanbil<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d78d2&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d78d2\" class=\"wp-block-image size-medium wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-id=\"68626\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-after-612x470.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil After\" class=\"wp-image-68626\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil After\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chogha Zanbil today<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The site\u2019s interpretation has developed through several generations of fieldwork. Early studies, large-scale excavation and later geophysical surveys answered different questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-major-excavations-and-findings\">Major Excavations and Findings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the University of Mainz\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.staff.uni-mainz.de\/mofidi\/choghazanbil,english\/forschung,english.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research history<\/a>, R. de Mecquenem and J. Michalon carried out early scientific investigations in 1935\u20131939. Roman Ghirshman\u2019s French expedition undertook extensive work in 1951\u20131962. Ghirshman therefore did not lead the 1930s campaigns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"849\" data-id=\"68630\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil Excavations\" class=\"wp-image-68630\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Excavations\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations.jpg 800w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations-780x828.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations-768x815.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historic excavation view at Chogha Zanbil. The precise date of this photograph has not been established.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"851\" data-id=\"68632\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations-2.jpg\" alt=\"Chogha Zanbil Excavations\" class=\"wp-image-68632\" title=\"Chogha Zanbil Excavations\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations-2-780x830.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Chogha-Zanbil-Excavations-2-768x817.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historic excavation view at Chogha Zanbil.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later work under Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi included surveys, excavation and geophysical prospection. It identified a more extensive residential presence than earlier descriptions suggested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This matters when reading older accounts that describe the entire city as empty beyond its temples and palaces. A planned royal foundation and later neighbourhoods can occupy the same site at different times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Artifacts and Their Significance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objects illustrated below include finds from Chogha Zanbil and comparative objects from Susa and Haft Tappeh. Their different findspots show connections across the wider Elamite world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Votive Statues and Reliefs<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Figurines and reliefs can illuminate dress, music, animals and religious imagery. The musician below comes from Haft Tappeh, a separate site. It illustrates the wider Elamite cultural setting rather than a discovery at Chogha Zanbil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d8ba7&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d8ba7\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"749\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Musician-male-figurine-from-Haft-Tappeh-1024x749.jpg\" alt=\"Musician Male Figurine From Haft Tappeh\" class=\"wp-image-68651\" title=\"Musician Male Figurine From Haft Tappeh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Musician-male-figurine-from-Haft-Tappeh-1024x749.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Musician-male-figurine-from-Haft-Tappeh-780x570.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Musician-male-figurine-from-Haft-Tappeh-768x562.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Musician-male-figurine-from-Haft-Tappeh.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Musician figurine from <a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/haft-tappeh-archaeological-site\/\">Haft Tappeh<\/a>, Middle Elamite period. Photo by Sara Fereidouni.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Stone Mace-Heads and Bronze Weapons<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ceremonial weapons and mace-heads found in sanctuaries could serve as dedications. The small inscribed axe discussed above offers a documented example; not every weapon illustrated in a general Elamite gallery can be assigned to this site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cylinder Seals<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014d9894&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014d9894\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cylinder-seal-from-Haft-Tappeh-1024x656.jpg\" alt=\"Cylinder Seal From Haft Tappeh\" class=\"wp-image-68653\" title=\"Cylinder Seal From Haft Tappeh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cylinder-seal-from-Haft-Tappeh-1024x656.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cylinder-seal-from-Haft-Tappeh-780x500.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cylinder-seal-from-Haft-Tappeh-768x492.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Cylinder-seal-from-Haft-Tappeh.jpg 1046w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cylinder seal from Haft Tappeh, Middle Elamite period. This is a comparative object from another Elamite site.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cylinder seals could mark identity or authority and could also be deposited as offerings. Here the Haft Tappeh example provides a comparison with material from another Elamite centre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-faience-tiles\"><strong>Faience Tiles<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glazed architectural elements provided decoration as well as surfaces for royal inscriptions. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/324680\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wall plaque in the Metropolitan Museum of Art<\/a>, excavated at Chogha Zanbil, carries Untash-Napirisha\u2019s name. The museum notes that the exact function of these projecting plaques remains uncertain.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6af87014da36f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6af87014da36f\" class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Stele-of-Untash-Napirisha-king-of-Anshan-and-Susa-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Stele Of Untash Napirisha King Of Anshan And Susa\" class=\"wp-image-68646\" style=\"width:772px;height:auto\" title=\"Stele Of Untash Napirisha King Of Anshan And Susa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Stele-of-Untash-Napirisha-king-of-Anshan-and-Susa-682x1024.jpg 682w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Stele-of-Untash-Napirisha-king-of-Anshan-and-Susa-666x1000.jpg 666w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Stele-of-Untash-Napirisha-king-of-Anshan-and-Susa-768x1153.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Stele-of-Untash-Napirisha-king-of-Anshan-and-Susa.jpg 866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Detail of the stele of Untash-Napirisha, king of Anshan and Susa. The Louvre records its creation at Dur Untash and its later transfer to Susa, where it was found. Louvre Museum.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Museum Exhibitions and Displays<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Collection records are useful for following objects beyond the archaeological site. The Louvre, British Museum and Metropolitan Museum of Art publish descriptions of Elamite works, with findspots and inscriptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reading Reconstructions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Models and digital reconstructions help visualise the vanished upper levels. Compare their labels with the surviving remains and remember that reconstructed details include interpretation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Checking an Object\u2019s Findspot<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Separate \u201cmade at,\u201d \u201cfound at\u201d and \u201cnow held in.\u201d The stele illustrated above is a good example: it was associated with Dur Untash but recovered at Susa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Following the Inscriptions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Names repeated on bricks, plaques and precious objects connect the museum collections with the site. Following those names through the collection records provides a useful continuation of the site visit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Read More<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/khuzestan-travel-guide\/\">Khuzestan Travel Guide<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/haft-tappeh-archaeological-site\/\">Haft Tappeh Archaeological Site: All You Need to Know<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/susa\/\">Susa Travel Guide<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/national-museum-of-iran\/\">National Museum of Iran<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/ancient-elam\/\">Ancient Elam<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"sources\"><\/span>Sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consulted sources include UNESCO\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/113\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tchogha Zanbil record<\/a>; Elizabeth Carter\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/coga-zanbil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u010co\u1e21\u0101 Zanb\u012bl<\/a> (1992) and Michael Herles\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/ziggurat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ziggurat<\/a> in Encyclopaedia Iranica; the University of Mainz\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.staff.uni-mainz.de\/mofidi\/choghazanbil,english\/projects,english.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaeological project account<\/a>; and collection records from the <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.louvre.fr\/ark:\/53355\/cl010176829\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Louvre<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/324680\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Metropolitan Museum of Art<\/a>. Chronological differences between these records are identified in the text.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Visit Chogha Zanbil in Khuzestan: understand its Elamite ziggurat, inscriptions and archaeology, and plan a route with Susa and Haft Tappeh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":6521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15723,308,305,1],"tags":[15840,10790,16091,16204],"class_list":["post-6520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ahvaz","category-destinations","category-how-to","category-tourism-iran","tag-ahvaz","tag-khuzestan","tag-susa","tag-ziggurat"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Chogha-Zanbil-is-an-ancient-temple-in-the-Khuzestan-province-Iran.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6520"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6520\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6521"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}