{"id":85988,"date":"2024-11-30T12:11:29","date_gmt":"2024-11-30T12:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/?p=85988"},"modified":"2026-01-17T14:31:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T14:31:47","slug":"cyrus-cylinder","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/","title":{"rendered":"The Cyrus Cylinder: A Symbol of Tolerance and Leadership"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong>, displayed in the <strong>British Museum<\/strong>, is an unassuming yet profoundly significant artifact that symbolizes <strong>cultural tolerance<\/strong>, <strong>political ingenuity<\/strong>, and <strong>effective leadership<\/strong>. Created around <strong>539 BCE<\/strong> after the conquest of <strong>Babylon<\/strong> by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-the-great\/\">Cyrus the Great<\/a><\/strong>, the cylinder represents a blend of administrative genius and respect for diverse cultural and religious traditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong><a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/meet-surfiran-at-itb-india-2024-and-roadshow\/\" title=\"Meet SURFIRAN at ITB India 2024 and Roadshow\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1261\">Cyrus Cylinder<\/a><\/strong>Ancient clay cylinderThe Cyrus Cylinder is an ancient clay cylinder inscribed with an Achaemenid royal inscription in Akkadian cuneiform script, created around 539\u2013538 BC in the name of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.<\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Material<\/td><td>Baked clay<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Size<\/td><td>21.9 cm x 10 cm (maximum)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Writing<\/td><td>Akkadian cuneiform script<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Created<\/td><td>About 539\u2013538 BC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Present location<\/td><td>British Museum, London<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Its importance resonates today as a document that embodies early notions of governance that integrate cultural respect and pragmatism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#historical-context-and-discovery\" >Historical Context and Discovery<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#cyrus-cylinder-translation\" >Cyrus Cylinder Translation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#structure-and-purpose-of-the-cylinder\" >Structure and Purpose of the Cylinder<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#the-cyrus-cylinders-influence-on-governance\" >The Cyrus Cylinder&#8217;s Influence on Governance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#modern-day-significance-and-cultural-legacy\" >Modern-Day Significance and Cultural Legacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#artistic-and-literary-significance\" >Artistic and Literary Significance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#visiting-the-cyrus-cylinder\" >Visiting the Cyrus Cylinder<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-cylinder\/#references\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-historical-context-and-discovery\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"historical-context-and-discovery\"><\/span>Historical Context and Discovery<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> is a product of the <strong>Achaemenid Empire<\/strong> and was unearthed in 1879 by <strong>Hormuzd Rassam<\/strong>, an Assyro-British archaeologist conducting excavations funded by the <strong>British Museum<\/strong>. The clay cylinder, measuring approximately 22 cm, contains an inscription in Akkadian cuneiform that outlines Cyrus&#8217;s policies after his conquest of Babylon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69eacd9c8e4ac&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69eacd9c8e4ac\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"769\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-Cylinder-1024x769.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus Cylinder\" class=\"wp-image-86864\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-Cylinder-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-Cylinder-780x585.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-Cylinder-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-Cylinder-1536x1153.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-Cylinder-2048x1537.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cyrus cylinder &#8211; the british museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The content of the cylinder portrays <strong>Cyrus<\/strong> as a liberator, specifically chosen by the Babylonian god <strong>Marduk<\/strong> to rule justly and restore order. It details his lineage, efforts to restore temples, and the return of displaced peoples to their homelands\u2014a revolutionary move during an era marked by violent conquests and oppressive rulers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Map of Babylon showing the site where Hormuzd Rassam&#8217;s team unearthed the Cyrus Cylinder in the Tell Amran-ibn-Ali mound, beneath the remains of the Esagila temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cyrus<\/strong> is juxtaposed against his predecessor, <strong>Nabonidus<\/strong>, who is depicted as having deviated from proper religious practices, having neglected the worship of <strong>Marduk<\/strong>, and having imposed harsh policies on the populace.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"548\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-The-Great-The-Founder-of-Achaemenid-Empire-1.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus The Great, The Founder of Achaemenid Empire\" class=\"wp-image-86674\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-The-Great-The-Founder-of-Achaemenid-Empire-1.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-The-Great-The-Founder-of-Achaemenid-Empire-1-768x540.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cyrus The Great, The Founder of Achaemenid Empire<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>This contrast was instrumental in legitimizing Cyrus\u2019s rule in the eyes of the <strong>Babylonian population<\/strong>, who would have been familiar with the idea of divine approval for rulers. This strategy was not merely propaganda but also an effort to instill a new vision of governance that focused on stability through respect for cultural and religious identities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong>&#8216;s discovery coincided with a broader Western fascination with the ancient Near East, fueled both by biblical studies and the desire to uncover the origins of human civilization. Its inscription, celebrated as one of the most consequential archaeological finds of the 19th century, provided critical insights into <strong>Achaemenid policies<\/strong>, the role of propaganda, and the interplay between political power and religious legitimacy during this pivotal period of history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background\" style=\"background-color:#f2eecb\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus_cylinder_extract-1024x524.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus cylinder extract\" class=\"wp-image-86869\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus_cylinder_extract-1024x524.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus_cylinder_extract-780x399.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus_cylinder_extract-768x393.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus_cylinder_extract.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Extract from the cyrus cylinder (lines 15\u201321), giving the genealogy of cyrus and an account of his capture of babylon in 539 bc (e. A. Wallis budge, 1884).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-cyrus-cylinder-translation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cyrus-cylinder-translation\"><\/span>Cyrus Cylinder Translation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The surviving inscription on the Cyrus Cylinder consists of 45 lines of text written in Akkadian cuneiform script. The first 35 lines are on fragment &#8220;A&#8221; and the remainder are on fragment &#8220;B&#8221;. A number of lines at the start and end of the text are too badly damaged for more than a few words to be legible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The text is written in an extremely formulaic style that can be divided into six distinct parts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fifteen horizontal lines of text written in Akkadian cuneiform script.<br>Extract from the Cyrus Cylinder (lines 15\u201321), giving the genealogy of Cyrus and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC (E. A. Wallis Budge, 1884).<br>Lines 1\u201319: an introduction reviling Nabonidus, the previous king of Babylon, and associating Cyrus with the god Marduk;<br>Lines 20\u201322: detailing Cyrus&#8217;s royal titles and genealogy, and his peaceful entry to Babylon;<br>Lines 22\u201334: a commendation of Cyrus&#8217;s policy of restoring Babylon;<br>Lines 34\u201335: a prayer to Marduk on behalf of Cyrus and his son Cambyses;<br>Lines 36\u201337: a declaration that Cyrus has enabled the people to live in peace and has increased the offerings made to the gods;<br>Lines 38\u201345: details of the building activities ordered by Cyrus in<br>Babylon.<br>Detail image of text<br>Sample detail image showing cuneiform script.<br>The beginning of the text is partly broken; the surviving content reprimands the character of the deposed Babylonian king Nabonidus. It lists his alleged crimes, charging him with the desecration of the temples of the gods and the imposition of forced labor upon the populace. According to the proclamation, as a result of these offenses, the god Marduk abandoned Babylon and sought a more righteous king. Marduk called forth Cyrus to enter Babylon and become its new ruler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In [Nabonidus&#8217;s] mind, reverential fear of Marduk, king of the gods, came to an end. He did yet more evil to his city every day; \u2026 his [people \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026], he brought ruin on them all by a yoke without relief \u2026 [Marduk] inspected and checked all the countries, seeking for the upright king of his choice. He took the hand of Cyrus, king of the city of Anshan, and called him by his name, proclaiming him aloud for the kingship over all of everything.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Midway through the text, the writer switches to a first-person narrative in the voice of Cyrus, addressing the reader directly. A list of his titles is given (in a Mesopotamian rather than Persian style): &#8220;I am Cyrus, king of the world, great king, powerful king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters [of the earth], son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes, great king, king of Anshan, the perpetual seed of kingship, whose reign Bel [Marduk] and Nebo love, and with whose kingship, to their joy, they concern themselves.&#8221; He describes the pious deeds he performed after his conquest: he restored peace to Babylon and the other cities sacred to Marduk, freeing their inhabitants from their &#8220;yoke&#8221;, and he &#8220;brought relief to their dilapidated housing (thus) putting an end to their (main) complaints&#8221;.He repaired the ruined temples in the cities he conquered, restored their cults, and returned their sacred images as well as their former inhabitants which Nabonidus had taken to Babylon. Near the end of the inscription Cyrus highlights his restoration of Babylon&#8217;s city wall, saying: &#8220;I saw within it an inscription of Ashurbanipal, a king who preceded me.&#8221; The remainder is missing but presumably describes Cyrus&#8217;s rededication of the gateway mentioned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A partial transcription by F. H. Weissbach in 1911 was supplanted by a much more complete transcription after the identification of the &#8220;B&#8221; fragment; this is now available in German and in English. Several editions of the full text of the Cyrus Cylinder are available online, incorporating both &#8220;A&#8221; and &#8220;B&#8221; fragments.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-and-purpose-of-the-cylinder\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"structure-and-purpose-of-the-cylinder\"><\/span>Structure and Purpose of the Cylinder<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cyrus Cylinde\" class=\"wp-image-86676\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-1.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Cyrus Cylinder, 2600 Years of History in One Iconic Piece<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> consists of distinct sections that serve specific rhetorical purposes. The initial part of the inscription legitimizes Cyrus\u2019s takeover by emphasizing his endorsement by <strong>Marduk<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nabonidus is denounced as having neglected the duties of a righteous king\u2014such as maintaining the worship of Marduk and caring for his people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The subsequent section, written in the first person, presents <strong>Cyrus<\/strong> as a pious ruler who respects local religions, rebuilds temples, and restores the displaced populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These inscriptions also served a ceremonial function as <strong>foundation deposits<\/strong>, which were common in <strong>Mesopotamian<\/strong> traditions. Foundation deposits were used to symbolically dedicate new constructions to the gods and signify the divine legitimacy of the ruler responsible for the building. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cylinder was buried beneath Babylon&#8217;s walls as an act of consecration and a declaration of Cyrus&#8217;s divinely approved leadership. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center group-tours-surfiran-pattern is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:30px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase\">IRAN GROUP TOURS<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:14px\">Join 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target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-9-days-tour.jpg\" alt=\"Iran 9-Day Tour\" class=\"wp-image-74951\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-9-days-tour.jpg 900w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-9-days-tour-780x520.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-9-days-tour-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-560e18d2 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase\">Iran 9-Day Tour<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><s>\u20ac1,100<\/s> | <strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#fce800\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Early Bird \u20ac860<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-330e958a wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--2\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/iran-tour\/9-day-iranian-culture-heritage-tour\/\" style=\"padding-top:0.5em;padding-right:1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;padding-left:1em;font-size:12px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>AVAILABILITY<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center has-white-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/iran-tour\/discover-beauty-persia-15-days\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-15-days-tour.jpg\" alt=\"Iran 15-Day Tour\" class=\"wp-image-74952\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-15-days-tour.jpg 900w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-15-days-tour-780x520.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Iran-15-days-tour-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-560e18d2 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase\">Iran 15-Day Tour<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><s>\u20ac1,690<\/s> | <strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#fce800\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Early Bird \u20ac1,520<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--3\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/iran-tour\/discover-beauty-persia-15-days\/\" style=\"padding-top:0.5em;padding-right:1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;padding-left:1em;font-size:12px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>AVAILABILITY<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons alignwide is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-28206b41 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--4\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-text-align-center has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/iran-tours\/\" style=\"background-color:#0070b1;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u25b6 View All Iran Tours by SURFIRAN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The language and stylistic choices reflect a deliberate attempt to connect Cyrus with past rulers, particularly those of the <strong>Neo-Assyrian<\/strong> and <strong>Babylonian<\/strong> eras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This continuity would have strengthened Cyrus&#8217;s position among his new subjects, who valued tradition and divine favor in governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>cylinder<\/strong> also uses an archaic stylistic form, drawing on earlier conventions from Neo-Assyrian and Babylonian texts, which suggests that the artisans and scribes who crafted the artifact intended to evoke the legitimacy of past great rulers. This connection to historical traditions provided a powerful sense of continuity, which was critical to winning the hearts of the conquered population and ensuring a stable transition of power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-cyrus-cylinder-s-influence-on-governance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"the-cyrus-cylinders-influence-on-governance\"><\/span>The Cyrus Cylinder&#8217;s Influence on Governance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-in-British-Museum-1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cyrus Cylinder in British Museum\" class=\"wp-image-86679\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-in-British-Museum-1.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-in-British-Museum-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The cyrus cylinder in british museum<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> has often been referred to as an early declaration of human rights, emphasizing <strong>tolerance and coexistence<\/strong>. It records <strong>Cyrus&#8217;s<\/strong> decree allowing various displaced peoples\u2014including the Jews who had been exiled by the Babylonians\u2014to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. This policy of repatriation, echoed in the <strong>Hebrew Bible<\/strong>&#8216;s <strong>Book of Ezra<\/strong>, underlines Cyrus&#8217;s support for religious freedom and restoration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While the policy appears altruistic, it also had significant strategic value. By enabling displaced communities to return to their native lands and supporting the restoration of local temples, <strong>Cyrus<\/strong> effectively gained the loyalty of these groups and stabilized the newly acquired territories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69eacd9c92829&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69eacd9c92829\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"964\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Cyrus-the-Great-A-19th-century-illustration-by-Madame-Dieulafoy.jpg\" alt=\"Cyrus the Great A th century illustration by Madame Dieulafoy\" class=\"wp-image-87020\" title=\"\"><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cyrus the Great: A 19th-century illustration by Madame Dieulafoy, featured in Volume II of <em>Ridpath&#8217;s Universal History<\/em> (1897). The petroglyph of a winged man, carved on the northeastern gate of <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/pasargadae\/\" title=\"Pasargadae\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"604\">Pasargadae<\/a>, is believed to symbolize protection and divine authority in ancient Persia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This pragmatic approach was a stark contrast to the often coercive and homogenizing strategies of previous empires, which frequently led to unrest and rebellion. By respecting the traditions and religious beliefs of his subjects, <strong>Cyrus<\/strong> was able to create a more integrated and harmonious empire, one that laid the groundwork for the success of the <strong>Achaemenid Dynasty<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scholars, including those at the <strong>British Museum<\/strong>, have often compared the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> to the <strong>Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/strong>. While this analogy may be anachronistic, it underscores the progressive nature of Cyrus&#8217;s policies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cylinder is better understood as a sophisticated tool of <strong>imperial propaganda<\/strong>\u2014a declaration aimed at establishing Cyrus&#8217;s reign as being sanctioned by the gods and characterized by just governance. This enlightened approach to rulership, grounded in respect for diversity, distinguished Cyrus from other ancient conquerors and resonated with his subjects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> is thus a precursor to the concepts of governance that promote cultural plurality and tolerance. However, it is essential to view this policy through the lens of ancient pragmatism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of universal human rights, as understood today, was absent in antiquity. <strong>Cyrus<\/strong> was primarily motivated by the desire for political stability and the effective management of a vast empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite this, the symbolic resonance of the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> continues to inspire, representing ideals of tolerance and respect that transcend its original historical context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-modern-day-significance-and-cultural-legacy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"modern-day-significance-and-cultural-legacy\"><\/span>Modern-Day Significance and Cultural Legacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cylinder-of-Cyrus-The-Great-King-of-Ancient-Persia-1.jpg\" alt=\"The Cylinder of Cyrus, The Great King of Ancient Persia\" class=\"wp-image-86683\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cylinder-of-Cyrus-The-Great-King-of-Ancient-Persia-1.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-Cylinder-of-Cyrus-The-Great-King-of-Ancient-Persia-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Cylinder of Cyrus, The Great King of Ancient Persia (photo by Wikipedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> has traveled far beyond its origins in Babylon, becoming a powerful cultural symbol. In <strong>1971<\/strong>, during the <strong>2,500th anniversary of the Persian Empire<\/strong>, it was displayed in <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/tehran-travel-guide\/\">Tehran<\/a><\/strong> and described by <strong>Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi<\/strong> as the &#8220;<strong>first charter of human rights<\/strong>.&#8221; While this description has faced criticism for exaggeration, the <strong>cylinder<\/strong> remains a significant cultural icon for Iranians, symbolizing a time when Persian leadership was associated with justice and respect for diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>2010<\/strong>, the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> was exhibited in the United States, celebrated as a &#8220;document of freedom&#8221; and a testament to values of tolerance and justice. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such exhibitions have reinforced its status as a global cultural artifact, contributing to international understanding and goodwill. The cylinder&#8217;s messages of cultural harmony and enlightened governance resonate particularly strongly in today\u2019s increasingly polarized world, serving as a reminder of the potential for inclusive leadership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> also plays a crucial role in ongoing discussions around cultural heritage and national identity. For <strong>Iranians<\/strong>, it is not merely a historical relic but an emblem of cultural pride and resilience. The emphasis on respecting cultural differences and local traditions aligns with modern values of multiculturalism and coexistence, making the <strong>cylinder<\/strong> a potent symbol of what governance can achieve when it respects diversity and fosters unity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-artistic-and-literary-significance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"artistic-and-literary-significance\"><\/span>Artistic and Literary Significance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-First-Human-Rights-Statue-from-Ancient-Persia-Cyrus-Cylinder-1.jpg\" alt=\"The First Human Rights Statue from Ancient Persia, Cyrus Cylinder\" class=\"wp-image-86685\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-First-Human-Rights-Statue-from-Ancient-Persia-Cyrus-Cylinder-1.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/The-First-Human-Rights-Statue-from-Ancient-Persia-Cyrus-Cylinder-1-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The First Human Rights Statue from Ancient Persia, Cyrus Cylinder (photo by Reza Ganji)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Beyond its political implications, the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> highlights the <strong>Achaemenid Empire&#8217;s<\/strong> sophisticated artistic and literary heritage. Its careful construction, the choice of <strong>Akkadian cuneiform<\/strong>, and the highly structured language all reflect the significant expertise of the artisans and scribes involved. The cylinder&#8217;s shape\u2014a barrel-like form inscribed with intricate proclamations\u2014was characteristic of royal decrees, used to convey authority and divine sanction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> serves as a testament to <strong>Iran&#8217;s cultural heritage<\/strong>, encompassing not just political history but also the continuation of artistic traditions. The creation of such an artifact required both technical skill and a deep understanding of the language of power. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Artisans and scribes were key participants in statecraft, using their expertise to create works that legitimized and immortalized the authority of rulers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The influence of the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> can be seen in subsequent empires and rulerships, inspiring approaches that use cultural and religious tolerance as a foundation for governance. Its themes resonate throughout history, from Roman edicts promoting local autonomy to modern declarations of civil rights. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an artistic artifact, the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> provides insight into the ceremonial aspects of <strong>Achaemenid rule<\/strong>, where art and text were combined to convey messages of legitimacy and divine favor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-visiting-the-cyrus-cylinder\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"visiting-the-cyrus-cylinder\"><\/span>Visiting the Cyrus Cylinder<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Visiting-the-Cyrus-Cylinder.jpg\" alt=\"Visiting the Cyrus Cylinder\" class=\"wp-image-86681\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Visiting-the-Cyrus-Cylinder.jpg 780w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Visiting-the-Cyrus-Cylinder-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Visiting-the-Cyrus-Cylinder-390x220.jpg 390w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Visiting the Cyrus Cylinder<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>For those interested in viewing this important piece of history, the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> is housed in the <strong>British Museum&#8217;s<\/strong> <strong>Middle East collection<\/strong>. Here are some practical <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/tips\/\" title=\"Tips\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"73044\">tips<\/a> for planning your visit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Opening Hours<\/strong>: Check the British Museum&#8217;s official website for current hours and schedules.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Best Times to Visit<\/strong>: To avoid large crowds, consider visiting during early mornings or weekdays.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cultural Etiquette<\/strong>: Photography is allowed, but please refrain from using flash to help preserve the artifact.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interactive Displays<\/strong>: The museum also offers interactive exhibits and digital guides, which provide a richer understanding of the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> and its context.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong> transcends its physical form, encapsulating a vision of governance that values inclusivity, respect, and compassion. As a testament to <strong>Cyrus the Great&#8217;s<\/strong> legacy, it continues to inspire debates on governance, cultural cohesion, and human rights. It is not just an artifact of ancient history; it is a symbol of leadership that can guide us even today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong>\u2019s message\u2014respect for cultural diversity and the pursuit of just leadership\u2014is particularly relevant in our contemporary world, fraught with division and intolerance. It stands as a reminder that effective governance can and should prioritize the welfare of all people, transcending cultural and national boundaries. Its enduring legacy continues to be a source of inspiration, underscoring the importance of unity and the shared values that bind humanity together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-references\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following references include a curated list of scholarly books, museum collections, and academic articles that informed the article&#8217;s exploration of the <strong>Cyrus Cylinder<\/strong>. These sources provide insights into its historical significance, cultural impact, and enduring legacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Axworthy, M. (2007). <em>Iran: Empire of the mind: A history from Zoroaster to the present day.<\/em> Penguin Books.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>British Museum. (n.d.). <em>The Cyrus Cylinder.<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brosius, M. (2021). <em>A history of ancient Persia: The Achaemenid Empire.<\/em> Wiley-Blackwell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Curtis, J., Sandmann, I. S., &amp; Stanley, T. (2021). <em>Epic Iran: 5000 years of culture.<\/em> V&amp;A Publishing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encyclopaedia Iranica. (n.d.). <em>Cyrus IV: The Cyrus Cylinder.<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/iranicaonline.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/iranicaonline.org<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lonely Planet Publications. (2017). <em>Iran.<\/em> Lonely Planet Publications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simonin, A. (2012). <em>The Cyrus Cylinder.<\/em> World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smithsonian Institution. (1964). <em>7000 years of <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/persian-art\/\" title=\"Persian Art: 3,000 Years of Creativity and Innovation\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"58529\">Iranian art<\/a>.<\/em> Smithsonian Institution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wikipedia contributors. (2024). <em>Cyrus Cylinder.<\/em> In <em>Wikipedia<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyrus_Cylinder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyrus_Cylinder<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Duguid, N. (2016). <em>Taste of Persia: A cook&#8217;s travels through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, and Kurdistan.<\/em> Artisan Books.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Read More<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/cyrus-the-great\/\">Cyrus the Great: The Architect of the Persian Empire<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/tomb-of-cyrus-the-great\/\">Tomb of Cyrus the Great: Achaemenid Empire Founder<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/achaemenid-empire\/\">The Achaemenid Empire: Foundations of Imperial Governance<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/in-pictures-restoration-of-the-tomb-of-cyrus-the-great\/\">In Pictures: Restoration of the Tomb of Cyrus the Great<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/surfiran.com\/mag\/why-eid-e-ghadeer-is-celebrated-in-iran\/\">Why Eid-e Ghadeer is Celebrated in Iran<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-left kksr-valign-bottom\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;85988&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;Rate this post&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;0\\\/5 - (0 votes)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;16&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The Cyrus Cylinder: A Symbol of Tolerance and Leadership&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-right: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 16px; 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